The Role of Multimodal Communication in Cooperation Essay

The Role of Multimodal Communication in Cooperation - Essay Example The knowledge about the topics, beliefs, targets, nature etc must coincide for good results. These common grounds must be checked before the interaction. After that the interaction can expand the basis of linguistic and physical co presence. In expanding the scope of the communication, the media is capable of restraining the ease of attaining the common ground. The commonality in the methods is also affected in following the medium of communication. It is better to develop theoretical understanding of the attitudes of shared visual spaces. This improves grounding and also the performance regarding the topics of common belief. 1 After this the parameters that make difference in visual communication systems that are used for complex and collaborative researches were considered. By applying these features to real world settings, the pragmatic way of deploying these methods to attain more benefits for reasonable costs can be assessed. If this is successful, then creating of a technology that enables the accurate estimation of the focus attention in the settings can be determined. This is believed to be an important role the visual channel can play. There are some techniques available for analysis of effectiveness of multimodal interaction. The potential of psycholinguistic models were recognised to have this potential. Though they are recognised to have potential of analysing, there are some limitations. The techniques based on conversation analytic model of breakdown and repair can be termed as the rational approach for introducing a protocol for coding repair. The terms in this approach are computer mediated communication, evaluation and conversation analysis.     

Foreign policy issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foreign policy issue - Essay Example It became USA’s foreign concern as it holds the mandate to safeguard world peace with its permanent status at the United Nation Security Council States. The major concern of the United States government is the chemical weapon aspect. In a survey by special united nation chemical weapon department, it was evident Syria is involved in chemical warfare. As part of the united nation resolution, the country had to intervene. The stability of Syria will ensure a step forward towards war on terrorism as the instability creates a breading ground for terrorist, this is evident in other countries including Somalia where the civil war has resulted to emergence of Alshabaab a terror militant group allied to the al-Qaida (Global Research, 2013). Any security threat to the world usually affects the USA, which has been under threat of terrorist and other attacks since their entrance in Afghanistan and Iraq. In ensuring world peace, potential threats must be dealt with in accordance to the signed agreements of the United Nation Security Council signatories. As the interference with matters in Syria, the states government has elicit mixed reaction and brushed shoulders with countries in Asia and Eastern Europe. Russia and Turkey, according to CNN(2013) has termed USA planned invention to the Syrian state as disrespectful. The main problem with the upraising is that USA has had to leave with the fear of breaking ties with its allies and conflict between them and Russia. Domestically there has been divided opinion on measures to take while tackling the Syrian issues. The opposition had voted and suggested for military intervention towards the Syrian matter, which the democrats suggests for a diplomatic approach. With the threat of chemical warfare, there is need for actions in regards to the Syrian issues, as its impact is always catastrophic as was the case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. While seeking a permanent

IKEAs transport methods Essay Example for Free

IKEAs transport methods Essay Allowing the public to visit the business Makes the customer feel more welcome, and at home with IKEA if they feel involved by learning more about the company.  Public relations can be a very expensive form of promotion, and it can be difficult for businesses to assess the effect of public relations on sales.  Catalogues are a huge part of advertisement for IKEA, its relatively cheap when compared to TV adverts, and its fairly easy to get to the customer, IKEA print 131 million copies of there catalogue making it the most widely distributed commercial publication in the world. Having picked up a couple of the latest IKEA catalogues and handbooks, its clear that IKEA thrive on simplicity. The IKEA text is the same font on all brochures, with the traditional blue and yellow logo on the bottom hand side of the page this creates continuity which means people recognise it straight away when they see it again, the traditional yellow and blue logo is based on the colours of there home country Sweden. The background images are warm, cosy, family pictures, one containing a large sofa with numerous pillows, the other an aqua blue kitchen. This gets the message across to the reader that there is a large range of products available, furthermore on the front cover they get the message about there prices, Pay less, enjoy more and your 100 page guide to making an affordable, inspired choice. This encourages the public to go through the IKEA catalogue. Furthermore the catalogue brings the IKEA store into your home, its the best way to prepare for a visit to IKEA. d)Place is another term for distribution. It covers the range of activities necessary to ensure that goods and services are available to customers. Deciding on the right place involves a range of decisions.  A business needs to consider the most cost-effective way of getting its products and service to the customers. It needs to look at the implications for its profit margins of each means of distribution. The growth in use of the internet has encouraged even small businesses to use websites to sell their products to what can be a global market. This can be highly cost effective means of reaching a wide target audience, but is not suitable for all business and all products.  Businesses seek to design marketing mixes that are complementary and work together to benefit the business and to maximise sales. For example, Ikea promotes itself to its target audience on the basis that it offers the lowest possible prices. Place is important to Ikea, and the company locates stores in areas where it costs less to set up, eg on the outskirts of major cities. Which targets both high income earners and low. IKEAs transport methods are highly effective, large volumes in combination with flat packages are important in helping IKEA to transport products economically from the supplier via the stores to the customers. Flat packs mean that IKEA do not have to pay for transporting or storing unnecessary air and that not only means lower warehousing and distribution costs, but also less impact on the environment. At present 20 % of all IKEA goods are transported by rail. It makes sense for Ikea to target a wide range of customers. This is referred to as mass marketing. But theres the other side of it where in some situations they will target small sections of the market. Taken to the limit, this might involve catering for a small select group of customers a target market that has very specific needs. I.E childrens section.  In mass marketing, Ikea would aim their products at most of the available market and normally try to sell a range of similar products to all customers. Mass marketing is possible if the products are popular and purchased by many different types of people. For example Ikeas furniture products are well suited to being sold in mass markets. Businesses must be able to produce on a large scale if they are to sell successfully in a mass market. A company may have to invest heavily in resources such as buildings, machinery and vehicles. Usually, firms also have to be very price competitive to flourish in mass markets. By contrast, niche marketing involves companies identifying and meeting the needs of relatively small areas of the market. The aim is to cater for the needs of customers that have not been met sufficiently by other business, and niche marketing is one way in which small businesses can operate profitably in markets that are dominated by large firms. An example would be Ikea and their play pen for younger children.

Employers Obligations for Employee Health and Safety

Employers Obligations for Employee Health and Safety To what extent is the employer obliged to exercise care for the health and safety of the employee while performing his or her duties? Is the current position in this regard satisfactory? Introduction The obligations of the employer for health and safety have undergone an interesting development on both the common law and statutory sides of legal regulation. This paper will examine the current extent of obligations for employers towards the health and safety of their employees while they are carrying out their work duties. This current position will then be analysed in order to determine whether it is satisfactory. A. Current Health and Safety Obligations of the employer to the employee 1.The Common Law The common law duty of care[1] translates into an implied term of the contract and in the case of Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co v English[2] the House of Lords identified three key areas in which this implied duty lies: (a)Competent Staff An employer will be liable if they do not provide their employees with sufficient training. This occurred in Hawkins v Ross Castings Ltd[3] where an employee sustained an injury as a result of a spillage of molten metal at the fault of a seventeen year old colleague who possessed only a rudimentary standard of English. Another facet to the heading of competent staff is the actual behaviour of the employees whereby, acts of mischief or ‘larking around’ can be of a particular danger as occurred in Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co Ltd.[4] (b) Safe Plant and Equipment An employer is obliged to provide safe equipment and this even applies where there was no knowledge of there being a fault. This is a departure from the traditional common law perspective but is not a new measure as it into effect with the passing of the Employer’s Liability (Defective Equipment) Act of 1969. Here all faults in equipment to be attributable to the employer where a third party has been negligent and in order to meet the financial needs of this obligation, insurance is obligatory for such actions in accordance with the Employer’s Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969. In the interests of fairness, the employer and/or the insurance company can then sue the manufacturer. (c) Safe System of Work This obligation is twofold whereby the employer must, firstly, tell the employees of the location of safety equipment[5] and secondly, the employer has the right to assume that the employee possesses a degree of common sense with the result that there is no obligation to warn of dangers that are obvious such as the hitting of an unexploded bomb with a hammer[6] or running in the corridor to obtain lunch.[7] This highlights the fact that the employer must find a balance between the obvious and the not so obvious safety measures where there would be an obligation to inform the employee of risks and the proper procedures. Employees may make a decision not to take certain precautions, but if the risk is obvious, their employer will not be liable[8], however despite any conscious choice on the part of the employee, a risk that is not obvious will always rest with the employer[9]. This standard is ideal as it rightly presupposes the authority of the employer and their superior knowledge bu t at the same time, also acknowledges personal autonomy of employees for which the employer should not be held liable. A further and more recent application of the safe system of work is that the employer must refrain from requiring that the employee work excessively long hours[10] and cause unnecessary levels of stress[11] that arise on account of insufficient staffing and the even more serious occurrence of bullying in the work place.[12] This gave rise to an innovation in liability for the psychological injury that employees could sustain and in this era of greater pressure in the work place, it would have been a far more applicable head of claim to a greater number of employees than that of the traditional doctrine of liability for physical injury alone. However two recent cases on this matter gave rise first of all, limitation and then outright exclusion of heads of claim concerning stress in the work place. The earlier limitation arose in Sutherland v Hatton[13] in which it was held by the Court of Appeal that there had to be ‘plain indications of impending harm’ that would arise f rom the stress. This is part of a traditional acceptance that there has to be a balance between the likelihood of the injury occurring and the cost to the employer of protecting his employees.[14] In the latter case of Barber (Appellant) v. Somerset County Council (Respondents)[15] involved a teacher suffering from stress and the House of Lords rejected the notion of an employer’s duty of care. Lord Scott of Foscote stated that: â€Å"The school is entitled to expect, also, that the teacher, an adult, will take his own decisions as to whether he needs to consult his doctor and will, if so advised by his doctor, take time off†¦[16]† (d) Safe Place of Work Since the decision of the Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co case, there is a fourth area to which the applied duty of care is attributable and this is the provision of a safe place of work. There are three key areas where the employer must exercise a reasonable standard of care. This constituted the obligation to provide an adequate reporting system.[17] More recently, this has the potential to extend to instances of long term injury such as passive smoking as it was established that employees have a right not to work in a smoky environment in Waltons and Morse v Dorrington[18] and this would constitute a step in the right direction. A question now arises as to how far this duty ought to extend. 2.Statutory Duties The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the key legislative authority for the obligations of employers to their employees and its aim is twofold. 1. The provision of a general duty of care In the first place the 1974 Act sets out the general duties that are applicable to the entire employment spectrum and this standard is found in s 2(1) of the 1974 Act, which is as follows: â€Å"It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of all his employees.† Further to this there are also more specific obligations laid throughout s 2 of the Act, which encompass ‘the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work so that they are safe and without risk to health’.[19] There is also provision on, ‘the handling, storage and transport of articles and substances[20]’ as well as, ‘provision of information, instructions, training and supervision.[21]’ Finally s 2 of the 1974 Act also has provision on: â€Å"The maintenance of places of work under the employer’s control in a safe condition with safe and risk free means of access and egress.[22]† and â€Å"The provision and maintenance of a safe, risk-free working environment with adequate welfare facilities and arrangements.[23]† The crucial element of these provisions is that the standard of care stipulated is for the employer to act is, ‘as far as is reasonably practicable.’ This standard carries with it the obligation for employers to do everything reasonable that would ensure safety and the provisions go far to show that this encompasses many fields such as training, inspections and the availability of safety equipment. The emphasis of the Robens Report was therefore largely met with there being a statutory framework that requires employers to actively think about the measures they are taking. 2. Provision of a unified system of enforcement by the Health and Safety Executive and the various local authorities. The second aim of the 1974 Act is as a system of enforcement and this is largely carried out by the Health and Safety inspectorate but paradoxically, no one can, in accordance with s 47 of the 1974 Act, raise a civil action under the duties imposed by the 1974 Act. While this results in a fundamental questioning of the usefulness of the 1974 Act, it does highlight the fact that this legislation is exclusively an Act for professional enforceability. The rights of recourse for employees are therefore in accordance with the standard duties of care that are found under the law of tort.[24] More specifically, actions can be raised in relation to industrial accidents, personal injury, injuries arising out of the course of employment and some statutory obligations. However, it is the Act itself that specifics the standard of care to be adopted by employers when their employees are carrying out their employment duties. In addition, the 1974 Act creates a premise for criminal liability, which of course carries higher penalties as well as an employer’s burden of proof, as opposed to the burden of the plaintiff in civil actions. 2. Interpretation of the standard of care of the 1974 Act in case law Interpretation of the standard under case law is essentially analysis of the way in which the courts have dealt with the crucial phrase, ‘so far as is reasonably practicable.’ Case law shows that the reasonable practicability of a given situation can cover areas such as financial viability of the health and safety measure as against the risk of injury. This is similar to the balance that requires to be sought under the common law, with the equivalent 1974 Act case being that of Associated Diaries v Hartley.[25] Here an employee sustained an injury as a result of a truck going over his foot. The safety shoes would have cost him  £1 per week but decided not to use them and his argument that they should have been provided for free failed on account of the fact that they would have cost the employer  £20,000. This balance is perfectly sound but the 1974 Act is not equipped to deal with instances of stress at work on account of the fact that civil actions cannot be raised via its provisions. B. Is this position satisfactory? 1. Possible faults with the common law It is extremely disappointing that the House of Lords has rejected the concept of a duty of care for stress as there is a great deal that employers can do to relieve stress levels and, as with the balance that has been achieved between the cost of health and safety and the likelihood of injury, the equivalent would be more than approachable for stress situations. This does not bode well for other types of innovations such as The common law does however acknowledge that a duty of care also extends beyond the work place where the employee continues to act within their duties of employment. This is seen in the case of King v Smith and Another[26] where, in the event of inadequate on-site facilities, it is up to the employer to find a suitable solution. 2. Faults with the 1974 Act The current issue with the current Health and Safety legislation is that it is becoming outdated and is much in need of reform in order to cope with new kinds of dangers that were not such a going concern in 1974. This specifically refers to the ever increasing circumstances of stress related injury that would be wholly out-with the competence of the Health and Safety Inspectorate. However as a result of Barber v Somerset County Council, such an argument would not hold strength unless the legislative were to decide to override the common law doctrine and create a statutory obligation for employers against employee stress. Conclusion Both the common law and the statutory framework are equally satisfactory in terms of their ability to tackle cases of negligence where there has been physical injury caused to the employee on account of the negligence of the employer. However, the express exclusion of liability for stress, as well as the impracticability of the Health and Safety inspectorate to even attempt to assist in safeguarding against stress is a concern of great magnitude. The conclusion of Lord Foscote in the case of Barber v Somerset County Council was wrong as the question of choosing to be a teacher or a doctor is an overly romanticised image of a pic’ n mix employee’s market with readily available jobs. Further to this, it should never become an accepted condition of our society that unhealthy stress should be an integral to working life for which there can be no legal recourse. Bibliography Legislation Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Case Law Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co v English [1938] AC 57 Hawkins v Ross Castings Ltd [1970] 1 All ER 180 Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co Ltd [1957] 2 QB 348 Finch v Telegraph Construction Maintenance Co Ltd [1949] 1 All ER 452 O’Reilly v National Rail [1966] 1 All ER 499 Lazarus v Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd (1963) The Times 2 May Qualcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd v Haynes [1959] AC 743 Berry v Stone Maganese Marine Ltd (1971) 12 KIR 13 Johnstone v Bloombury Area Health Authority [1991] ICR 269 Walker v Northumberland County Council [1995] IRLR 35 Ratcliffe v Dorset County Council [1978] IRLR 191. Waters v Commissioner for the Police of the Metropolis [2000] IRLR 720 Sutherland v Hatton [2002] EWCA Civ 76 Stokes v Guest, Keen Nettleford (Bolts Nuts) Ltd [1968] 1 WLR 1776 Barber v Somerset County Council [2004] UKHL 13 Franklin v Edmonton Corporation (1966) 109 SJ 876 Waltons and Morse v Dorrington [1997] IRLR 488 Associated Diaries v Hartley [1979] IRLR 171 King v Smith and Another (1994) The Times 3 November. General Cleaning Contractors v Christmas [1953] AC 180 Text Book Publications D.Brodie, â€Å"Health and Safety† (Oxford University Press, 2004) H.Collins, K.D.Ewing A.McColgan, ‘Labour Law:Text and Materials (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2001) Smith and Woods ‘Industrial Law’ (Butterworths, 8th edn, 2003) R.W.Painter and A.Holmes, Cases and Materials on Employment Law, (Oxford University Press 5th edition, 2004) Articles D Brodie ‘Trust and Confidence and Barber v Somerset County Council: Some further Questions’ (224) 33 ILJ 261 1 Footnotes [1] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 [2] [1938] AC 57 [3] [1970] 1 All ER 180 [4] [1957] 2 QB 348 [5] See Finch v Telegraph Construction Maintenance Co Ltd [1949] 1 All ER 452 [6] O’Reilly v National Rail [1966] 1 All ER 499 [7] Lazarus v Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd (1963) The Times 2 May [8] See Qualcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd v Haynes [1959] AC 743 [9] See Berry v Stone Maganese Marine Ltd (1971) 12 KIR 13 [10] Johnstone v Bloombury Area Health Authority [1991] ICR 269 [11] Walker v Northumberland County Council [1995] IRLR 35 [12] See Ratcliffe v Dorset County Council [1978] IRLR 191. See also Waters v Commissioner for the Police of the Metropolis [2000] IRLR 720, which involved tormenting within the police force after the failure to take seriously an allegation of sexual assault. [13] [2002] EWCA Civ 76 [14] For an in depth analysis of this balance, see Stokes v Guest, Keen Nettleford (Bolts Nuts) Ltd [1968] 1 WLR 1776 per Swanwick J at pp 1779-1783 [15] [2004] UKHL 13. For commentary see D Brodie ‘Trust and Confidence and Barber v Somerset County Council: Some further Questions’ (224) 33 ILJ 261 [16] ibid per Lord Foscote at paragraph 14 [17] Franklin v Edmonton Corporation (1966) 109 SJ 876 [18] [1997] IRLR 488 [19] 1974 Act s 2(2)(a) [20] 1974 Act s 2(2)(b) [21] 1974 Act s 2(2)(c) [22] 1974 Act s 2(2)(d) [23] 1974 Act s 2(2)(e) [24] For the birth of the neighbour principle, see Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. [25] [1979] IRLR 171 [26] (1994) The Times 3 November. This case followed the older case of General Cleaning Contractors v Christmas [1953] AC 180

scientist :: essays research papers

My Scientist My scientists name is Angela Santos. She was born in Santo Domingo, which is the capital of the Dominican Republic. She lived with her father, her mother, her sister, and her grandmother. She was a very successful person and made her family proud. Her father, Marino Rodriguez, was self-employed and worked to support his family. Eventually, problems started to stir up in the family, and Angela ¡Ã‚ ¯s parents decided to get divorced. When they got divorced Justina Mueses, Angela ¡Ã‚ ¯s mother, had to work full time at the hospital, spending no time with her daughters. She went to work early in the morning, and came back from work very late at night. The girls stood home with their grandmother, Isabel, who taught them how to cook, clean, and take care of each other. Isabel taught the girls that even before they started thinking of getting married a woman should be educated and know how to take care of her house. Isabel played a big role in Angela ¡Ã‚ ¯s life, of course being her grandmother and everything, but she was there when she needed her and Angela appreciates all the help she got from her dear old grandmother. Isabel only went up to the third grade; however, Angela learned a lot from her grandmother ¡Ã‚ ¯s experien ces and stories. Maria Virtudes Rodriguez, Angela ¡Ã‚ ¯s sister, studied accounting, English, cosmetics, and managed to keep a GPA of a 3.25 in all her classes. She is a single mother, and is currently working at a restaurant in Downtown, Manhattan. She just came from Dominican Republic a year ago, and she is trying to support her son, Anthony, so that he gets the chance of studying in America. Maria is a hard worker, and spends most of her time at work; however, she always manages to spend time with her son because she knows it is essential. She gives thanks to the Lord everyday for her life, since she was about to lose it. Maria has sickle cell anima, and in giving birth to Anthony she lost a lot of blood. The doctors gave no hope for her or the baby, but praise be to the Lord almighty she was able to live through such a tough situation. Angela had a younger brother, but he died at the age of 3. He also had sickle cell anima, and it advanced so much he developed tuberculosis and died at such a young age.

The Rainmaker by John Grisham :: The Rainmaker John Grisham

The Rainmaker by John Grisham    The world is full of great novels. From Sherlock Holmes to the three musketeers. As the years progress more novels are written and more money is made. John Grisham is a rising star in literature. His books have enticed readers and has given the people something good to read. What makes his books great is that they are so realistic. He applies his personal law and trial knowledge into the books he writes. What it is about ? It was his last semester of law school. Rudy Baylor was assigned to give free advice to a group of seniors. It is at that very time, and that very place, that Rudy encounters his first true clients. Dot and Buddy Black. They have been robbed by a powerful insurance company. A company with millions of dollars in assets. They have caused the suffering of a young man. They have ruined his chances to live by not issuing their coverage that they were obligated to give. Donny Ray, son of Dot and Buddy is dying of Lukemia, he is going to die, his chances for survival are over and it is a matter of months. Rudy does’nt realize the case that has fallen into his lap until phone calls are made. There is a great problem, however, Rudy is broke, he hasn’t even passed his bar exam yet. And will go head to head with one of America’s most experienced and accomplished defense attorney’s. From the beginning of the novel to the last word, Rudy is plagued with a series of mishaps and problems. When something looks bright the clouds come in and ruin the hope. Rudy is in Luck. As the big trial begins, he is given a judge that is definetly on his side and 12 jury members that think the same way that he does. After researching great benefit, the insurance company, Rudy discovers cover ups by the company. He also discovers Great Benefits harsh way in getting rid of their numerous mistakes. n How it relates to your audience The Trial Obviously Rudy is not stupid. He enters all the facts he has discovered and uses them to help solidify his p osition in the minds of the jurors As the trial goes on Rudy is given another problem. A beaten girl is discovered by Rudy at the hospital during his studying.

Educational Policies and Practices Essay

â€Å"Change is a process, not an event. It can be planned or unplanned and can be influenced by forces inside and outside of the schoolhouse. † (http://wps. prenhall. com/chet_green_practicing_2/23/6137/1571248. cw/index. html). Current education reform has stressed the urgency of teacher learning in improving classroom education and expanding student success. Current education reform in the United States has increasingly described standard levels of mastery for learners and focused on holding schools responsible for student outcomes. As one approach for increasing student attainment, officials have zoned in on improving the quality of public school educators (Parise & Spillane, 2010). Certain policy plans concentrate on the dimension involved in refining the quality of educators coming into the area of teaching through state accreditation exams, more rigorous degree requirements, and recruitment efforts. In addition to the aforementioned, increased responsibility and stress on schools involve learning and modification for many of the educators already working within this capacity, as they are pushed to apply new instructional methods and advances in order to promote and foster student achievement (Parise & Spillane, 2010). Assessing the Condition: Loris High School Trevor Strawderman, principal of Loris High School, Horry County, South Carolina, reorganized educational structure to benefit the school. In 2005, Loris High School ranked in the bottom percentile among high schools, scholastically, in the state of South Carolina. Principal Strawderman knew that issues in the area of literacy plagued the school’s academic performance. Assessment statistics revealed that 74 percent of the 9th and 10th graders of the school were reading below grade level. As a result of this issue, dropout and class failings soared to extremely high figures (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Strawderman, the newly appointed principal at the time, and other leaders of the school were aware of this issue, but did not realize the severity until results were revealed from student assessments. It was determined that the majority of the 9th and 10th graders at the time were reading way below grade level. After examining the textbooks utilized in the school, it was discovered that the 9th and 10th grade level books were written for 10th/ 11th grade reading comprehension. Upon the discovery of the low reading skills, Strawderman met with faculty to inform them that changes were necessary to improve reading skills of the students. Data collected about the student reading assessments was Mr. Strawderman’s proof as he provided information for this needed change (http://www. assp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Implementing Necessary Change The school’s leadership team began to read and study about ways to improve on reading. Through the study it was discovered that providing more reading would be the best solution. The leadership team identified a process that could be utilized to achieve the vision. Through the vision of Strawderman and the leadership team, a ho meroom reading initiative was put in place immediately. Two days for 50 minutes a week have been designated for this activity. Students were grouped by grade level and lexile level. Strawderman and his team stressed the importance of steering away negative connotations with this activity, and felt that grouping by lexile level was pertinent (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Challenges and Rewards As with change, Mr. Strawderman faced defiance by some faculty members. Comments like, â€Å"Some students are going to think this is stupid and childish,† were used to discourage this new activity. As the process began, aproximately $70,000 was spent on high interest inventory reading. Strawderman and his committee did all of the work, not putting the strain on the teachers with implementing this program. This process was made easy as possible for the teachers. After the program began, it was discovered that the students loved the program. The majority of the at-risk students enjoyed it the most. What was also discovered, is that every student may act is if they do not like to read, but they all want to know how to read (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Within this program celebrations were rendered and awards are given as incentives. This program provided an additional 33 hours of reading in the school for the year and has provided a positive outlook for the school’s reading deficit. Since Strawderman became principal, the school has made noteworthy and substantial cultural and meaningful changes that have led to effective progress for each student. Strawderman understood that the necessary changes implemented could not done by him solely. Along with making improvements for students, Strawderman also realized the importance in providing leadership and support for his staff members. â€Å"He envisioned a school of professional learning communities in which teachers worked together ‘to choose every day to make a difference in the lives of our students’ (http://www. assp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). First Order or Second Order Change? First and second order change are natural occurrences involved within settings of change. It has been reported that uninterrupted, first order change happens without interference to the system in place. Within this particular order of change the leader is involved in pushing for improvement within the productivity an d value of a school or program without making major alterations to what has been established among teachers and students. In addition, this conflict often faces less confusion and divergence (Green, 2013). Second order change, on the other hand, faces uneasy transitions because of change and interruption to the system in place. In this particular order of change the existing order is taken in another direction for the good of the school or program. Furthermore there are new objectives, as well as changes in structure and programs in which individuals are asked to function differently within their role (Green, 2013). Becoming principal of Loris High School, opened doors of opportunity for Trevor Strawderman to make necessary changes for the betterment of the school. Strawderman initially took some matters in his hand to push for this change by presenting data figures to faculty as proof of the situation in need. As a result of this new change every teacher was given a task to apply â€Å"student lexile levels from the Measures of Academic Progress -Reading (MAP-R) computerized assessments to gauge students’ mastery of basic reading skills† (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Because implementing these changes required disruption to the already established program curriculum, Strawderman and his team faced some defiance. This situation is reflective of the second-order change. The Good and the Bad Although the reading program at Loris High School has brought forth much success, negativity surfaced at the beginning stages of implementing this program. Mildly disgruntled teachers gave notion of their dislike of changing their already established curriculum without consulting them fully. Before allowing the situation to escalate with these faculty members, Mr.  Strawderman could have met with the teachers to answer questions and to address concerns about the immediate change once he brought it forward. (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Working collaboratively with faculty could have also presented a variety of innovative ideas. Michael Fullan’s reports on research indicates that institutionalization of modification and change is extremely challenging. Moreover, additional reports reveal that school improvements that are substantial and long-term rarely can be set, authorized or guided by organizations or individuals (Fullan, 1993). When change occurs in a school setting the following attitudes may arise: â€Å"teachers may feel a sense of in adequacy or lack of preparation, or they may fear the unknown or perceive a loss of power or control† (Green, 2013). Conclusion Through this assignment an abundance of useful information was grasped regarding leadership and instructional change. Due to the changes in time, it is pertinent for all leaders to foster the ideas of bringing forth instructional change in a school setting. The way children are educated must change because children, the world, and economics are changing daily. At times change is considered taboo and frightening. However, when handled effectively and efficiently, it may be the cure to an ailing situation. There is much confidence among the reorganizers of school and researchers in the field of education that enhancing the learning opportunities of practicing teachers will boost and develop teacher performance and progress to developmentally improved student outcomes (Parise & Spillane, 2010).